Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery

Chronic infectious arthritis is characterized by an insidious onset and indolent course a lack of symptoms and progressive joint destruction that can result in significant loss of articular function

The eyelids play an important role in environmental protection They protect the eyes from trauma and excessive light, as well as aid in the maintenance of the tear-corneal film and the pumping of tears toward the nasolacrimal duct system. Another important aspect is the expression and beauty of the face provided by the muscles in the lid. Eyelid defects can result from tumor resection traumatic injuries or congenital anomalies. To perform eyelid reconstruction it is critical to understand the basic anatomical features of the eyelid in order to restore it as close to the presurgical parameters as possible and allow adequate functioning

Periprosthetic fracture is an uncommon complication post arthroplasty, although it is increasing in frequency. This increase has been attributed in part to the increasing frequency of revision arthroplasty poorer bone stock and the popularity of uncemented prostheses tight press fit required for ingrowth  Periprosthetic fractures typically occur at the tip of the femoral stem often preceded by an area of increased cortical thickening, or “stress riser” Cerclage wires may be used for reinforcement  Should a fracture occur, a long stem femoral prosthesis is usually indicated that bypasses the fracture

When lymph nodes in your armpit are removed, nearby lymphatic vessels may be damaged. This can make it difficult for your lymphatic system to function properly. If this happens, lymphatic fluid may accumulate in your affected arm, hand, breast, or torso Swelling occurs when an area accumulates too much lymphatic fluid  Lymphedema is the medical term for this swelling you may also experience heaviness or pain in the area, as well as a higher risk of infection, or both. Lymphedema symptoms can be mild or severe enough to cause the area to enlarge significantly some people do not experience symptoms for months or years after the procedure

Craniosynostosis is a birth defect in which the bones in a baby's skull fuse too soon. This occurs before the baby's brain has fully developed. The skull may become more misshapen as the baby's brain develops. Sutures are flexible materials that fill the spaces between the skull bones of a typical baby

A hormonal imbalance causes swollen male breast tissue. Male breast tissue swells when male hormones  are low or female hormones are high Puberty ageing medication and health conditions that affect hormones are all potential causes. Breast tissue swelling and tenderness are symptoms. In some cases, treatment may not be necessary. Treatment in other cases focuses on managing the underlying condition Medical or surgical treatment is only rarely required

A soft tissue infection is necrotizing fasciitis. It can destroy the tissue in your skin and muscles, as well as the subcutaneous tissue beneath your skin. The most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis is an infection with group A Streptococcus also known as flesh eating bacteria This is the infection's most rapid form. When caused by other types of bacteria, the infection usually does not progress as quickly and is not as dangerous. This bacterial skin infection is uncommon in healthy people, but it can occur from even a minor cut, so it's critical to be aware of the symptoms if you're at risk. If you have symptoms or believe you may have them, you should see your doctor right away

In squamous cell carcinoma cells cultured in low Ca2+ medium that only allowed the formation of E-cadherin based adhesion inhibiting EGFR resulted in a shift from a fibroblastic to a more epithelial cell phenotype due to the induction of desmosomal assembly This was demonstrated by the expression and recruitment of desmoglein-2 and desmocollin-2 to the cell surface, DECREASES in the phosphorylation of desmogle anplakoglobin and an increase in desmoglein-2 and desmoplakin in the triton-insoluble fraction These effects were specific to desmosomes because EGFR activation had no effect on the phosphorylation states or localization of E-cadherin and -catenin all Carcinoma

A hypertrophic scar is a thick, raised scar. It is an abnormal wound healing response in which extra connective tissue forms within the original wound area. As a result, there is a raised scar a small wound to the top layer of your skin usually heals well. As the wound heals, new skin develops. When you have deeper wounds into the dermis layer and lower your body responds by producing collagen to repair the wound. Collagen is thicker than the rest of your skin. This thicker, less flexible tissue develops into a scar. Most scars are flat. However, your body can produce excessive collagen, resulting in a raised scar. This type of raised scar can be either hypertrophic or keloid

BCC refers to a group of biologically indolent cutaneous epithelial tumors composed of hyperchromatic basaloid cells in a variety of morphologic patterns set within a distinctive fibromucinous stroma Other than in the context of nevus sebaceous, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Base syndrome, or Rambo syndrome190,191, isolated basal cell carcinomas can be seen in young adults. Needled basal cell carcinoma syndrome Goblin syndrome Base syndrome and Rambo syndrome all have multiple BCCs as a feature

Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum C. botulinum generates eight antigenically distinct exotoxins. All serotypes disrupt neural transmission by preventing the release of acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle paralysis The weakness caused by botulinum toxin A injection usually lasts about three months. Botulinum toxins are now used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including strabismus and focal dystonias, hemifacial spasm and various spastic movement disorders, headaches hypersalivation hyperhidrosis, and some chronic conditions that respond only partially to medical treatment. The list of possible new indications is rapidly growing. Correction of lines, creases, and wrinkling are examples of cosmetologically applications

The face in relation to the overall size of the head evolved from prehuman Australopithecus to modern humans Homo sapiens While the brain and braincase  cranium  tripled in volume, the jaws became shorter and the teeth simpler in shape and size. As a result, the face shrank beneath the brow. Thus, the modern human face has an essentially vertical profile, in contrast to the protruding facial muzzles of gorillas, chimps, and, to a lesser extent, extinct hominids The recession of the tooth-bearing portion of the jaws beneath the forehead left two distinctively human features a prominent, projecting nose and a clearly defined chin

Dupuytren's contracture is a hand deformity that usually develops over years. The condition affects a layer of tissue that lies under the skin of your palm. Knots of tissue form under the skin eventually creating a thick cord that can pull one or more fingers into a bent position

An abdominoplasty is a procedure that flattens your abdomen by removing excess fat and skin and tightening the muscles in your abdominal wall Tummy tucks can be thought of as mini or full procedures depending on the amount of skin and fat removed It is critical to educate yourself, thoroughly analyse your own situation and take your time making a final decision